Sovereign Nation Era Ends 1800-1827
1818
Creek resistance leader Josiah Francis killed
Andrew Jackson kills Josiah Francis, who had accompanied Tecumseh in visiting the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, Seminole, and Chickasaw to spread the message of the Red Sticks’ resistance and support a pan-tribal movement. In 1815, he had gone to England in search of support for Creek nation building (Nies, 1996).