Sovereign Nation Era Ends 1800-1827

1818

Creek resistance leader Josiah Francis killed

Battle Horseshoe Bend, Creek War. Image: The New York Public Library
Battle Horseshoe Bend, Creek War. Image: The New York Public Library

Andrew Jackson kills Josiah Francis, who had accompanied Tecumseh in visiting the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, Seminole, and Chickasaw to spread the message of the Red Sticks’ resistance and support a pan-tribal movement. In 1815, he had gone to England in search of support for Creek nation building (Nies, 1996).

Traumatic Event